Original CONTENTS OF THE BOOK in
BLUE with
EXPLANATIONS
and FIGURES Inserted.
CHAPTER 1:
THE LIQUEFACTION OF GASES, INCLUDING THE
MANUFACTURE OF OXYGEN, NITROGEN,
AND HYDROGEN FROM LIQUEFIED GASES
By
JOHN M. DICKSON,
B.Sc. (Lond.), Chemical Engineer
 |
The Linde Process—In this process, the expansion of
the compressed gas
takes place by simple outflow. Fig. 8 gives a diagrammatic
representation of
the laboratory type of Linde machine.
A machine of this type
producing 5o litres per hour requires
2 H.P. per
litre, and begins to produce liquid after about ninety
minutes' working. |
Literature—List of Patents
—Theoretical Considerations
—Principle of the Temperature Exchanger
—Types of Air-Liquefying Machines
—Hampson's Apparatus
—The Linde Process
—Theory
of the Linde Process
—The
Claude Process
—The
Separation of the
Constituents of Liquid Air
—Linde's Apparatus for Pure Oxygen
—Production of Nitrogen by
the Linde System
—New
Linde Apparatus for the Production of
Pure Oxygen and Nitrogen
—Claude's Apparatus for the Production of Pure Oxygen
and Nitrogen
—Pure
Nitrogen by the Claude Process
—Hildebrandt's Process for Preparing Oxygen and Nitrogen
—The
Liquefaction of Hydrogen
—Hampson's
Apparatus for the Liquefaction of Hydrogen
—The Linde-Frank-Caro Process for the Production of Hydrogen from
Water-Gas
—Properties of Industrial Gases
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CHAPTER 2:
INDUSTRIAL
OXYGEN
By
GEOFFREY MARTIN,
D.Sc., Ph.D.
Manufacture—Liquid Air Process
—Brinn Process
—Jaubert Process
—Electrolytic Oxygen
—Properties of Oxygen
—Uses of Industrial Oxygen
—Statistics
CHAPTER 3:
INDUSTRIAL
NITROGEN
By
GEOFFREY MARTIN,
D.Sc., Ph.D.
 |
Fig. 25 represents a diagrammatic sketch of the apparatus
employed for making nitrogen fur
the manufacture of calcium cyanamide. Air is forced through
the iron tubes AA, which are filled
with granulated copper. The oxygen is absorbed and the
nitrogen passes on, to be absorbed,
say, in
the calcium carbide in the retort. |
Manufacture—Liquid Air Process
—Copper Process
—Nitrogen from Waste Gases of Furnaces
—Properties of Nitrogen
—Uses
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CHAPTER 4:
HYDROGEN
By H.
STANLEY REDGROVE,
B.Sc. (Lond.),
F.C.S.
Literature—Properties
—Manufacture
—By
Action of Water on Metals
—By Action of Water
on Non-Metals
—By the Deoxidising Action of Carbon
Monoxide
—By Electrolysis--
From Hydrocarbons
—By the Action of Acids on
Metals
—By the Action of Alkalis
on Metals
—Special Methods
Industrial Uses of Hydrogen—Use
as a
Combustible
—Use as an Inert Atmosphere
—Use in Aeronautics
—Use in Synthesis of Ammonia
—Use in the Hydrogenation of Fats
CHAPTER 5:
PRODUCER-GAS
By H.
STANLEY REDGROVE,
B.Sc. (Lond.),
F.C.S.
 |
Diagonal Grate Producers—In the Duff producer
(Fig. 30) the grate-bars,
as will be noticed from the diagram, run across the bottom
of the producer,
not, however, occupying the whole area, forming in section
an inverted " V." The
air blast enters beneath the grate, whose form ensures that
the air is uniformly
distributed over a large area of fuel, and readily admits of
the clinker being pushed
into the water trough below. In the Thwaite "Simplex"
producer (Fig. 31) the
grate, underneath which the air blast and steam enter,
slopes in one direction only. This producer is also
water-sealed. |
Literature—Carbon Monoxide
—Air-Gas
—Water-Gas
—Semi-Water-Gas
—Bone and Wheeler's Experiments
—Types of Gas-Producers
—Uses and Advantages of
Producer-Gas
—Ammonia Recovery in the
Manufacture of Semi-Water
—Gas Suction
—Gas-Producers
—Blast Furnace Gas
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CHAPTER 6:
THE CARBON DIOXIDE (CARBONIC ACID) INDUSTRY
By H.
STANLEY REDGROVE,
B.Sc. (Lond.),
F.C.S.
Literature—Occurrence
—Properties
—Manufacture
—Liquid Carbon Dioxide
—Solid Carbon Dioxide
CHAPTER 7:
MANUFACTURE OF NITROUS OXIDE
By
GEOFFREY MARTIN,
Ph.D., D.SC.
Manufacture—Properties—Analysis—Transport
CHAPTER 8:
THE AMMONIA AND AMMONIUM SALTS INDUSTRY
By
GEOFFREY MARTIN,
Ph.D., D.SC.
 |
Feldmann's Apparatus
is shown in Fig. 38.
The ammoniacal "gas-water flows into a tube from the
regulating tank and
enters the multitubular preheater "
a, consisting of a series of tubes through
which the ammoniacal liquor flows, which are themselves
heated by the steam
and hot gas coming from the saturator R by the pipe MM. From
the "preheater "
the now hot ammoniacal fluid flows into the top chamber of
the column c. This
is provided with a number of compartments each provided with
an overflow pipe D,
so that in each compartment the liquor accumulates to an
appreciable depth. In
the centre of the floor of each compartment is a wider pipe
covered over with a
" bell " or " mushroom " (e), provided with serrated edges.
Through
this central pipe the ammoniacal gases and steam come up
from below and
stream through the liquor surrounding the " mushroom," and
thus boil out all
the volatile
NH3.
|
Literature—Ammonia
and Ammonium Salts
—Sources
of
Ammonia and Ammonium SaltsStatistics
—Manufacture of Ammonium Sulphate from Gas-Water or Ammoniacal
Liquor
—Feldmann's Ammonia Still
—Other Ammonia Stills
—Treatment of the Waste Exit Gases from Ammonium Sulphate Plant
—Manufacture of Ammonium Sulphate from Mond Gas
—Manufacture of Ammonium Sulphate by the Direct Process from
Coke-Oven Gas, Blast-Furnace Gas,
Producer-Gas, and Similar Gases Rich in
Ammonia
—Manufacture of Caustic Ammonia (Liquor Ammonia)
—Manufacture of Pure
Aqueous Solutions of Ammonia
—Technical Ammonium Salts
—Anhydrous Ammonia (Liquid Ammonia)
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CHAPTER 9:
MANUFACTURE OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND SULPHITES
By
GEOFFREY
MARTIN,
Ph.D.,
D.Sc.
Manufacture—Sulphur
Dioxide
—Hanisch and SchrOder's Process
—Sulphur BurnersTomblee
and Paull's Plant
—Sachsenberg Burner—Humphries' Sulphur Burner
—Properties of Sulphur Dioxide
—Uses
—Analysis
CHAPTER 10:
ACETYLENE
By FRANK
B.
GATEHOUSE,
F.C.S.
Literature—Manufacture
—Analysis of Calcium Carbide and Acetylene
—Acetylene for
Domestic and Industrial Purposes
—Acetylene Generators
—Oxy-Acetylene Welding
—Dissolved Acetylene
—Acetylene in the Chemical Industry
CHAPTER 11:
THE ILLUMINATING GAS INDUSTRY
By ERNEST A.
DANCASTER,
B.Sc.
 |
Fig. 68 shows Humphrey & Glasgow's apparatus. The generator
A is a steel shell lined
with firebricks. It is charged with anthracite or coke which
is ignited and submitted to an air-blast,
which is forced in through the tube A,-
and enters at v. Part of the fuel burns to CO,„ which,
passing up through the hot coke, burns to producer gas
(C0.2+ C 2C0). This passes away
through i and enters the
carburettor u,
passes down this and then enters the
superheater
c at the
bottom by means of the tube p. Both carburettor and
superheater are steel shells lined with firebrick
and filled with brick checker-work simultaneously with the
entrance of the gas into them
a stream of air from g is
blown in through the side tubes
h, f,
a', e,
causing the CO to burn and
thus heat the brickwork in
13
and c to a red heat the gas then passes out of the furnace
through
the opened stack valve z, escaping into the air as CO2.
In the Lowe process, as practised in the
U.S.A., the production of CO and the subsequent blowing in
of air into 13
and c to
burn it is avoided by
blowing air very rapidly through the producer
A,
so that a sufficiency- of oxygen is present all the time,
and only very hot CO;, passes away into r and c and heats
them to the required temperature.
When the proper temperature of the different parts of the
apparatus is obtained the air blasts are shut off, beginning
with that of the superheater c, and the stack valve z is
closed. Steam is then blown into the generator
A
through the tube v, and is decomposed by the hot carbon in
A
according to the equation HoO C= CO + H.). It then passes
into the carburettor as water gas. At the same
moment the oil is
introduced into the carburettor
13,
being pumped in through the tube
k,
and
falling on the red-hot bricks in
B
is gasified, its vapours mingling with the water gas and
passing on to the superheater c, where the oil vapours are
permanently gasified, and thence through / (where
the incoming oil is preheated by the hot gas) into the
washer
D
(consisting of a tower filled with
coke down which water trickles), where it is washed and
cooled, finally passing away at Y to the
purifiers and the
gas-holder. When the temperature of the mass of coke becomes
too low the steam is shut off, the stack valve z-
opened, and the air-blast readmitted. |
Literature—Coal-Gas
—General
—Manufacture of Coal-Gas in Gas Works
—RetortsHorizontal
Retorts
—Inclined Retorts
—Vertical Retorts
—Continuous Carbonisers
—Course
of the Distillation
—Purification of the Crude Gas
—Carburetted Coal-GasMixed
Coal-Gas
—Storage of Coal-Gas
—Carburetted Water-Gas
—Oil-Gas
—Air-Gas
—Natural Gas
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CHAPTER 12:
INDUSTRIAL OZONE
By E. JOBLING,
A.R.C.Sc., B.Sc., F.C.S.
 |
Tindal-de Vrise System—No solid dielectric is here
employed. Each
ozoniser (Fig. 74) comprises a horizontal semicylindrical
metallic trough, fitted hermetically
with a glass cover and provided externally with a water
jacket. Semi-discs
of metal, having serrated edges, are suspended from the
cover at short intervals and
form one electrode. The metal trough is earthed and forms
the other electrode. To
prevent sparking, a series of high liquid resistances,
consisting of tubes filled with
glycerine and water, are arranged in the circuit. The silent
discharge takes place
between
the semicircular high-tension poles and the water-cooled
inner surface of the
trough, and between the poles the air to be ozonised is
circulated. Five or six such cells are arranged in
series.
|
 |
An ozoniser, due to Tindal, is shown in Fig. 75. The
arrangement is
self-explanatory from the diagram given.
Abraham-Marmier System.—In this ozoniser the discharge
surfaces
consist of glass plates whose outer surfaces are cooled by
water circulating in the
surrounding air-tight metal tank. Since the water serves as
a conductor, being
in contact with the high-tension poles, a high resistance,
in the form of a number
of water showers, is
employed to prevent short-circuiting through the water (Fig.
76). |
Literature—Introduction
—Thermal Method of Manufacture
—Electrolytic Method
—PhotoChemical Method
—Electrical Method
—Siemens and Halske Process
—Otto SystemTindal-de Vrise
System
—Abraham-Marmier System
—Vosmaer
System
—HowardBridge
System
—Gerard System
—Ozonair
System
Detection and Determination of Ozone—Application of Ozone
—Water Purification
—Surface
Contact Process
—Emulsification Process
—Injection Process
—Air Purification
—Miscellaneous Applications
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